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<br><table width="627" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr valign="top"><td class="v1" width="91"><img src="images/0201433079/0201433079_xs.jpg" width="76" alt="Book Cover" height="100" border="0"></a></td><td class="v2" height="20" align="left"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0" style="margin-left:15px;"><tr><td colspan="3" class="v2" height="20"><b>Advanced Programming in the UNIX&#174; Environment: Second Edition</b></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" class="v2" height="18">By 
											<a target="_new"  class="v1">W.&nbsp;Richard Stevens</a>, <a target="_new"  class="v1">Stephen&nbsp;A.&nbsp;Rago</a></td></tr><tr><td class="aCells" colspan="3" align="left">...............................................</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" class="aCells">Publisher: <b>Addison Wesley Professional</b></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" class="aCells">Pub Date: <b>June 17, 2005</b></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" class="aCells">ISBN: <b>0201433079</b></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" class="aCells">Pages: <b>960</b></td></tr><tr><td class="aCells"></td><td width="75%" colspan="2" class="aCells" align="right">&nbsp;</td></tr></table></td><td align="right"></td></tr></table><br><table width="627" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td class="aTopMenu"><a title="Table of Contents" href="toc.html" class="aTopMenu">Table of Contents</a>
												&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a title="Index" href="index.html" class="aTopMenu">Index</a></td><td align="right" valign="bottom"></td><td align="right" valign="bottom"></td></tr></table><br><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="255"><a class="v2" href="copyrightpg.html">Copyright</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="255"><a class="v2" href="pref01.html">Praise for Advanced Programming in the UNIX&#174; Environment, Second Edition</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="255"><a class="v2" href="pref02.html">Praise for the First Edition</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="255"><a class="v2" href="pref03.html">Addison-Wesley Professional Computing Series</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="255"><a class="v2" href="pref04.html">Foreword</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="255"><a class="v2" href="pref05.html">Preface</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="pref05lev1sec1.html">Introduction</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="pref05lev1sec2.html">Changes from the First Edition</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="pref05lev1sec3.html">Acknowledgments</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="255"><a class="v2" href="pref06.html">Preface to the First Edition</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="pref06lev1sec1.html">Introduction</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="pref06lev1sec2.html">Unix Standards</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="pref06lev1sec3.html">Organization of the Book</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="pref06lev1sec4.html">Examples in the Text</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="pref06lev1sec5.html">Systems Used to Test the Examples</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="pref06lev1sec7.html">Acknowledgments</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="255">
              &nbsp;
               &nbsp;<a class="v2" href="ch01.html">
             Chapter 1.&nbsp;
           UNIX System Overview</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch01lev1sec1.html">
             Section 1.1.&nbsp;
           Introduction</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch01lev1sec2.html">
             Section 1.2.&nbsp;
           UNIX Architecture</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch01lev1sec3.html">
             Section 1.3.&nbsp;
           Logging In</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch01lev1sec4.html">
             Section 1.4.&nbsp;
           Files and Directories</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch01lev1sec5.html">
             Section 1.5.&nbsp;
           Input and Output</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch01lev1sec6.html">
             Section 1.6.&nbsp;
           Programs and Processes</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch01lev1sec7.html">
             Section 1.7.&nbsp;
           Error Handling</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch01lev1sec8.html">
             Section 1.8.&nbsp;
           User Identification</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch01lev1sec9.html">
             Section 1.9.&nbsp;
           Signals</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch01lev1sec10.html">
             Section 1.10.&nbsp;
           Time Values</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch01lev1sec11.html">
             Section 1.11.&nbsp;
           System Calls and Library Functions</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch01lev1sec12.html">
             Section 1.12.&nbsp;
           Summary</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch01lev1sec20.html">Exercises</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="255">
              &nbsp;
               &nbsp;<a class="v2" href="ch02.html">
             Chapter 2.&nbsp;
           UNIX Standardization and Implementations</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch02lev1sec1.html">
             Section 2.1.&nbsp;
           Introduction</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch02lev1sec2.html">
             Section 2.2.&nbsp;
           UNIX Standardization</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch02lev1sec3.html">
             Section 2.3.&nbsp;
           UNIX System Implementations</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch02lev1sec4.html">
             Section 2.4.&nbsp;
           Relationship of Standards and Implementations</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch02lev1sec5.html">
             Section 2.5.&nbsp;
           Limits</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch02lev1sec6.html">
             Section 2.6.&nbsp;
           Options</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch02lev1sec7.html">
             Section 2.7.&nbsp;
           Feature Test Macros</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch02lev1sec8.html">
             Section 2.8.&nbsp;
           Primitive System Data Types</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch02lev1sec9.html">
             Section 2.9.&nbsp;
           Conflicts Between Standards</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch02lev1sec10.html">
             Section 2.10.&nbsp;
           Summary</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch02lev1sec17.html">Exercises</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="255">
              &nbsp;
               &nbsp;<a class="v2" href="ch03.html">
             Chapter 3.&nbsp;
           File I/O</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch03lev1sec1.html">
             Section 3.1.&nbsp;
           Introduction</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch03lev1sec2.html">
             Section 3.2.&nbsp;
           File Descriptors</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch03lev1sec3.html">
             Section 3.3.&nbsp;
           open Function</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch03lev1sec4.html">
             Section 3.4.&nbsp;
           creat Function</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch03lev1sec5.html">
             Section 3.5.&nbsp;
           close Function</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch03lev1sec6.html">
             Section 3.6.&nbsp;
           lseek Function</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch03lev1sec7.html">
             Section 3.7.&nbsp;
           read Function</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch03lev1sec8.html">
             Section 3.8.&nbsp;
           write Function</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch03lev1sec9.html">
             Section 3.9.&nbsp;
           I/O Efficiency</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch03lev1sec10.html">
             Section 3.10.&nbsp;
           File Sharing</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch03lev1sec11.html">
             Section 3.11.&nbsp;
           Atomic Operations</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch03lev1sec12.html">
             Section 3.12.&nbsp;
           dup and dup2 Functions</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch03lev1sec13.html">
             Section 3.13.&nbsp;
           sync, fsync, and fdatasync Functions</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch03lev1sec14.html">
             Section 3.14.&nbsp;
           fcntl Function</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch03lev1sec15.html">
             Section 3.15.&nbsp;
           ioctl Function</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch03lev1sec16.html">
             Section 3.16.&nbsp;
           /dev/fd</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch03lev1sec17.html">
             Section 3.17.&nbsp;
           Summary</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch03lev1sec18.html">Exercises</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="255">
              &nbsp;
               &nbsp;<a class="v2" href="ch04.html">
             Chapter 4.&nbsp;
           Files and Directories</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch04lev1sec1.html">
             Section 4.1.&nbsp;
           Introduction</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch04lev1sec2.html">
             Section 4.2.&nbsp;
           stat, fstat, and lstat Functions</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch04lev1sec3.html">
             Section 4.3.&nbsp;
           File Types</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch04lev1sec4.html">
             Section 4.4.&nbsp;
           Set-User-ID and Set-Group-ID</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch04lev1sec5.html">
             Section 4.5.&nbsp;
           File Access Permissions</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch04lev1sec6.html">
             Section 4.6.&nbsp;
           Ownership of New Files and Directories</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch04lev1sec7.html">
             Section 4.7.&nbsp;
           access Function</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch04lev1sec8.html">
             Section 4.8.&nbsp;
           umask Function</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch04lev1sec9.html">
             Section 4.9.&nbsp;
           chmod and fchmod Functions</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch04lev1sec10.html">
             Section 4.10.&nbsp;
           Sticky Bit</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch04lev1sec11.html">
             Section 4.11.&nbsp;
           chown, fchown, and lchown Functions</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch04lev1sec12.html">
             Section 4.12.&nbsp;
           File Size</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch04lev1sec13.html">
             Section 4.13.&nbsp;
           File Truncation</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch04lev1sec14.html">
             Section 4.14.&nbsp;
           File Systems</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch04lev1sec15.html">
             Section 4.15.&nbsp;
           link, unlink, remove, and rename Functions</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch04lev1sec16.html">
             Section 4.16.&nbsp;
           Symbolic Links</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch04lev1sec17.html">
             Section 4.17.&nbsp;
           symlink and readlink Functions</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch04lev1sec18.html">
             Section 4.18.&nbsp;
           File Times</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch04lev1sec19.html">
             Section 4.19.&nbsp;
           utime Function</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch04lev1sec20.html">
             Section 4.20.&nbsp;
           mkdir and rmdir Functions</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch04lev1sec21.html">
             Section 4.21.&nbsp;
           Reading Directories</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch04lev1sec22.html">
             Section 4.22.&nbsp;
           chdir, fchdir, and getcwd Functions</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch04lev1sec23.html">
             Section 4.23.&nbsp;
           Device Special Files</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch04lev1sec24.html">
             Section 4.24.&nbsp;
           Summary of File Access Permission Bits</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch04lev1sec25.html">
             Section 4.25.&nbsp;
           Summary</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch04lev1sec26.html">Exercises</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="255">
              &nbsp;
               &nbsp;<a class="v2" href="ch05.html">
             Chapter 5.&nbsp;
           Standard I/O Library</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch05lev1sec1.html">
             Section 5.1.&nbsp;
           Introduction</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch05lev1sec2.html">
             Section 5.2.&nbsp;
           Streams and FILE Objects</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch05lev1sec3.html">
             Section 5.3.&nbsp;
           Standard Input, Standard Output, and Standard Error</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch05lev1sec4.html">
             Section 5.4.&nbsp;
           Buffering</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch05lev1sec5.html">
             Section 5.5.&nbsp;
           Opening a Stream</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch05lev1sec6.html">
             Section 5.6.&nbsp;
           Reading and Writing a Stream</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch05lev1sec7.html">
             Section 5.7.&nbsp;
           Line-at-a-Time I/O</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch05lev1sec8.html">
             Section 5.8.&nbsp;
           Standard I/O Efficiency</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch05lev1sec9.html">
             Section 5.9.&nbsp;
           Binary I/O</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch05lev1sec10.html">
             Section 5.10.&nbsp;
           Positioning a Stream</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch05lev1sec11.html">
             Section 5.11.&nbsp;
           Formatted I/O</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch05lev1sec12.html">
             Section 5.12.&nbsp;
           Implementation Details</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch05lev1sec13.html">
             Section 5.13.&nbsp;
           Temporary Files</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch05lev1sec14.html">
             Section 5.14.&nbsp;
           Alternatives to Standard I/O</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch05lev1sec15.html">
             Section 5.15.&nbsp;
           Summary</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch05lev1sec16.html">Exercises</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="255">
              &nbsp;
               &nbsp;<a class="v2" href="ch06.html">
             Chapter 6.&nbsp;
           System Data Files and Information</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch06lev1sec1.html">
             Section 6.1.&nbsp;
           Introduction</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch06lev1sec2.html">
             Section 6.2.&nbsp;
           Password File</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch06lev1sec3.html">
             Section 6.3.&nbsp;
           Shadow Passwords</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch06lev1sec4.html">
             Section 6.4.&nbsp;
           Group File</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch06lev1sec5.html">
             Section 6.5.&nbsp;
           Supplementary Group IDs</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch06lev1sec6.html">
             Section 6.6.&nbsp;
           Implementation Differences</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch06lev1sec7.html">
             Section 6.7.&nbsp;
           Other Data Files</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch06lev1sec8.html">
             Section 6.8.&nbsp;
           Login Accounting</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch06lev1sec9.html">
             Section 6.9.&nbsp;
           System Identification</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch06lev1sec10.html">
             Section 6.10.&nbsp;
           Time and Date Routines</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch06lev1sec11.html">
             Section 6.11.&nbsp;
           Summary</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch06lev1sec12.html">Exercises</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="255">
              &nbsp;
               &nbsp;<a class="v2" href="ch07.html">
             Chapter 7.&nbsp;
           Process Environment</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch07lev1sec1.html">
             Section 7.1.&nbsp;
           Introduction</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch07lev1sec2.html">
             Section 7.2.&nbsp;
           main Function</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch07lev1sec3.html">
             Section 7.3.&nbsp;
           Process Termination</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch07lev1sec4.html">
             Section 7.4.&nbsp;
           Command-Line Arguments</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch07lev1sec5.html">
             Section 7.5.&nbsp;
           Environment List</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch07lev1sec6.html">
             Section 7.6.&nbsp;
           Memory Layout of a C Program</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch07lev1sec7.html">
             Section 7.7.&nbsp;
           Shared Libraries</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch07lev1sec8.html">
             Section 7.8.&nbsp;
           Memory Allocation</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch07lev1sec9.html">
             Section 7.9.&nbsp;
           Environment Variables</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch07lev1sec10.html">
             Section 7.10.&nbsp;
           setjmp and longjmp Functions</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch07lev1sec11.html">
             Section 7.11.&nbsp;
           getrlimit and setrlimit Functions</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch07lev1sec12.html">
             Section 7.12.&nbsp;
           Summary</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch07lev1sec13.html">Exercises</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="255">
              &nbsp;
               &nbsp;<a class="v2" href="ch08.html">
             Chapter 8.&nbsp;
           Process Control</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch08lev1sec1.html">
             Section 8.1.&nbsp;
           Introduction</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch08lev1sec2.html">
             Section 8.2.&nbsp;
           Process Identifiers</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch08lev1sec3.html">
             Section 8.3.&nbsp;
           fork Function</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch08lev1sec4.html">
             Section 8.4.&nbsp;
           vfork Function</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch08lev1sec5.html">
             Section 8.5.&nbsp;
           exit Functions</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch08lev1sec6.html">
             Section 8.6.&nbsp;
           wait and waitpid Functions</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch08lev1sec7.html">
             Section 8.7.&nbsp;
           waitid Function</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch08lev1sec8.html">
             Section 8.8.&nbsp;
           wait3 and wait4 Functions</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch08lev1sec9.html">
             Section 8.9.&nbsp;
           Race Conditions</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch08lev1sec10.html">
             Section 8.10.&nbsp;
           exec Functions</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch08lev1sec11.html">
             Section 8.11.&nbsp;
           Changing User IDs and Group IDs</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch08lev1sec12.html">
             Section 8.12.&nbsp;
           Interpreter Files</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch08lev1sec13.html">
             Section 8.13.&nbsp;
           system Function</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch08lev1sec14.html">
             Section 8.14.&nbsp;
           Process Accounting</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch08lev1sec15.html">
             Section 8.15.&nbsp;
           User Identification</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch08lev1sec16.html">
             Section 8.16.&nbsp;
           Process Times</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch08lev1sec17.html">
             Section 8.17.&nbsp;
           Summary</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch08lev1sec18.html">Exercises</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="255">
              &nbsp;
               &nbsp;<a class="v2" href="ch09.html">
             Chapter 9.&nbsp;
           Process Relationships</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch09lev1sec1.html">
             Section 9.1.&nbsp;
           Introduction</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch09lev1sec2.html">
             Section 9.2.&nbsp;
           Terminal Logins</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch09lev1sec3.html">
             Section 9.3.&nbsp;
           Network Logins</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch09lev1sec4.html">
             Section 9.4.&nbsp;
           Process Groups</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch09lev1sec5.html">
             Section 9.5.&nbsp;
           Sessions</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch09lev1sec6.html">
             Section 9.6.&nbsp;
           Controlling Terminal</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch09lev1sec7.html">
             Section 9.7.&nbsp;
           tcgetpgrp, tcsetpgrp, and tcgetsid Functions</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch09lev1sec8.html">
             Section 9.8.&nbsp;
           Job Control</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch09lev1sec9.html">
             Section 9.9.&nbsp;
           Shell Execution of Programs</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch09lev1sec10.html">
             Section 9.10.&nbsp;
           Orphaned Process Groups</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch09lev1sec11.html">
             Section 9.11.&nbsp;
           FreeBSD Implementation</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch09lev1sec12.html">
             Section 9.12.&nbsp;
           Summary</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch09lev1sec13.html">Exercises</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="255">
              &nbsp;
               &nbsp;<a class="v2" href="ch10.html">
             Chapter 10.&nbsp;
           Signals</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch10lev1sec1.html">
             Section 10.1.&nbsp;
           Introduction</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch10lev1sec2.html">
             Section 10.2.&nbsp;
           Signal Concepts</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch10lev1sec3.html">
             Section 10.3.&nbsp;
           signal Function</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch10lev1sec4.html">
             Section 10.4.&nbsp;
           Unreliable Signals</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch10lev1sec5.html">
             Section 10.5.&nbsp;
           Interrupted System Calls</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch10lev1sec6.html">
             Section 10.6.&nbsp;
           Reentrant Functions</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch10lev1sec7.html">
             Section 10.7.&nbsp;
           SIGCLD Semantics</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch10lev1sec8.html">
             Section 10.8.&nbsp;
           Reliable-Signal Terminology and Semantics</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch10lev1sec9.html">
             Section 10.9.&nbsp;
           kill and raise Functions</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch10lev1sec10.html">
             Section 10.10.&nbsp;
           alarm and pause Functions</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch10lev1sec11.html">
             Section 10.11.&nbsp;
           Signal Sets</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch10lev1sec12.html">
             Section 10.12.&nbsp;
           sigprocmask Function</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch10lev1sec13.html">
             Section 10.13.&nbsp;
           sigpending Function</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch10lev1sec14.html">
             Section 10.14.&nbsp;
           sigaction Function</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch10lev1sec15.html">
             Section 10.15.&nbsp;
           sigsetjmp and siglongjmp Functions</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch10lev1sec16.html">
             Section 10.16.&nbsp;
           sigsuspend Function</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch10lev1sec17.html">
             Section 10.17.&nbsp;
           abort Function</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch10lev1sec18.html">
             Section 10.18.&nbsp;
           system Function</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch10lev1sec19.html">
             Section 10.19.&nbsp;
           sleep Function</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch10lev1sec20.html">
             Section 10.20.&nbsp;
           Job-Control Signals</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch10lev1sec21.html">
             Section 10.21.&nbsp;
           Additional Features</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch10lev1sec22.html">
             Section 10.22.&nbsp;
           Summary</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch10lev1sec23.html">Exercises</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="255">
              &nbsp;
               &nbsp;<a class="v2" href="ch11.html">
             Chapter 11.&nbsp;
           Threads</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch11lev1sec1.html">
             Section 11.1.&nbsp;
           Introduction</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch11lev1sec2.html">
             Section 11.2.&nbsp;
           Thread Concepts</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch11lev1sec3.html">
             Section 11.3.&nbsp;
           Thread Identification</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch11lev1sec4.html">
             Section 11.4.&nbsp;
           Thread Creation</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch11lev1sec5.html">
             Section 11.5.&nbsp;
           Thread Termination</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch11lev1sec6.html">
             Section 11.6.&nbsp;
           Thread Synchronization</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch11lev1sec7.html">
             Section 11.7.&nbsp;
           Summary</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch11lev1sec8.html">Exercises</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="255">
              &nbsp;
               &nbsp;<a class="v2" href="ch12.html">
             Chapter 12.&nbsp;
           Thread Control</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch12lev1sec1.html">
             Section 12.1.&nbsp;
           Introduction</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch12lev1sec2.html">
             Section 12.2.&nbsp;
           Thread Limits</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch12lev1sec3.html">
             Section 12.3.&nbsp;
           Thread Attributes</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch12lev1sec4.html">
             Section 12.4.&nbsp;
           Synchronization Attributes</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch12lev1sec5.html">
             Section 12.5.&nbsp;
           Reentrancy</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch12lev1sec6.html">
             Section 12.6.&nbsp;
           Thread-Specific Data</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch12lev1sec7.html">
             Section 12.7.&nbsp;
           Cancel Options</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch12lev1sec8.html">
             Section 12.8.&nbsp;
           Threads and Signals</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch12lev1sec9.html">
             Section 12.9.&nbsp;
           Threads and fork</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch12lev1sec10.html">
             Section 12.10.&nbsp;
           Threads and I/O</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch12lev1sec11.html">
             Section 12.11.&nbsp;
           Summary</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch12lev1sec12.html">Exercises</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="255">
              &nbsp;
               &nbsp;<a class="v2" href="ch13.html">
             Chapter 13.&nbsp;
           Daemon Processes</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch13lev1sec1.html">
             Section 13.1.&nbsp;
           Introduction</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch13lev1sec2.html">
             Section 13.2.&nbsp;
           Daemon Characteristics</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch13lev1sec3.html">
             Section 13.3.&nbsp;
           Coding Rules</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch13lev1sec4.html">
             Section 13.4.&nbsp;
           Error Logging</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch13lev1sec5.html">
             Section 13.5.&nbsp;
           Single-Instance Daemons</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch13lev1sec6.html">
             Section 13.6.&nbsp;
           Daemon Conventions</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch13lev1sec7.html">
             Section 13.7.&nbsp;
           ClientServer Model</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch13lev1sec8.html">
             Section 13.8.&nbsp;
           Summary</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch13lev1sec9.html">Exercises</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="255">
              &nbsp;
               &nbsp;<a class="v2" href="ch14.html">
             Chapter 14.&nbsp;
           Advanced I/O</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch14lev1sec1.html">
             Section 14.1.&nbsp;
           Introduction</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch14lev1sec2.html">
             Section 14.2.&nbsp;
           Nonblocking I/O</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch14lev1sec3.html">
             Section 14.3.&nbsp;
           Record Locking</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch14lev1sec4.html">
             Section 14.4.&nbsp;
           STREAMS</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch14lev1sec5.html">
             Section 14.5.&nbsp;
           I/O Multiplexing</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch14lev1sec6.html">
             Section 14.6.&nbsp;
           Asynchronous I/O</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch14lev1sec7.html">
             Section 14.7.&nbsp;
           readv and writev Functions</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch14lev1sec8.html">
             Section 14.8.&nbsp;
           readn and writen Functions</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch14lev1sec9.html">
             Section 14.9.&nbsp;
           Memory-Mapped I/O</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch14lev1sec10.html">
             Section 14.10.&nbsp;
           Summary</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch14lev1sec11.html">Exercises</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="255">
              &nbsp;
               &nbsp;<a class="v2" href="ch15.html">
             Chapter 15.&nbsp;
           Interprocess Communication</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch15lev1sec1.html">
             Section 15.1.&nbsp;
           Introduction</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch15lev1sec2.html">
             Section 15.2.&nbsp;
           Pipes</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch15lev1sec3.html">
             Section 15.3.&nbsp;
           popen and pclose Functions</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch15lev1sec4.html">
             Section 15.4.&nbsp;
           Coprocesses</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch15lev1sec5.html">
             Section 15.5.&nbsp;
           FIFOs</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch15lev1sec6.html">
             Section 15.6.&nbsp;
           XSI IPC</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch15lev1sec7.html">
             Section 15.7.&nbsp;
           Message Queues</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch15lev1sec8.html">
             Section 15.8.&nbsp;
           Semaphores</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch15lev1sec9.html">
             Section 15.9.&nbsp;
           Shared Memory</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch15lev1sec10.html">
             Section 15.10.&nbsp;
           ClientServer Properties</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch15lev1sec11.html">
             Section 15.11.&nbsp;
           Summary</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch15lev1sec12.html">Exercises</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="255">
              &nbsp;
               &nbsp;<a class="v2" href="ch16.html">
             Chapter 16.&nbsp;
           Network IPC: Sockets</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch16lev1sec1.html">
             Section 16.1.&nbsp;
           Introduction</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch16lev1sec2.html">
             Section 16.2.&nbsp;
           Socket Descriptors</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch16lev1sec3.html">
             Section 16.3.&nbsp;
           Addressing</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch16lev1sec4.html">
             Section 16.4.&nbsp;
           Connection Establishment</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch16lev1sec5.html">
             Section 16.5.&nbsp;
           Data Transfer</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch16lev1sec6.html">
             Section 16.6.&nbsp;
           Socket Options</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch16lev1sec7.html">
             Section 16.7.&nbsp;
           Out-of-Band Data</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch16lev1sec8.html">
             Section 16.8.&nbsp;
           Nonblocking and Asynchronous I/O</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch16lev1sec9.html">
             Section 16.9.&nbsp;
           Summary</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch16lev1sec10.html">Exercises</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="255">
              &nbsp;
               &nbsp;<a class="v2" href="ch17.html">
             Chapter 17.&nbsp;
           Advanced IPC</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch17lev1sec1.html">
             Section 17.1.&nbsp;
           Introduction</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch17lev1sec2.html">
             Section 17.2.&nbsp;
           STREAMS-Based Pipes</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch17lev1sec3.html">
             Section 17.3.&nbsp;
           UNIX Domain Sockets</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch17lev1sec4.html">
             Section 17.4.&nbsp;
           Passing File Descriptors</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch17lev1sec5.html">
             Section 17.5.&nbsp;
           An Open Server, Version 1</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch17lev1sec6.html">
             Section 17.6.&nbsp;
           An Open Server, Version 2</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch17lev1sec7.html">
             Section 17.7.&nbsp;
           Summary</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch17lev1sec8.html">Exercises</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="255">
              &nbsp;
               &nbsp;<a class="v2" href="ch18.html">
             Chapter 18.&nbsp;
           Terminal I/O</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch18lev1sec1.html">
             Section 18.1.&nbsp;
           Introduction</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch18lev1sec2.html">
             Section 18.2.&nbsp;
           Overview</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch18lev1sec3.html">
             Section 18.3.&nbsp;
           Special Input Characters</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch18lev1sec4.html">
             Section 18.4.&nbsp;
           Getting and Setting Terminal Attributes</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch18lev1sec5.html">
             Section 18.5.&nbsp;
           Terminal Option Flags</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch18lev1sec6.html">
             Section 18.6.&nbsp;
           stty Command</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch18lev1sec7.html">
             Section 18.7.&nbsp;
           Baud Rate Functions</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch18lev1sec8.html">
             Section 18.8.&nbsp;
           Line Control Functions</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch18lev1sec9.html">
             Section 18.9.&nbsp;
           Terminal Identification</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch18lev1sec10.html">
             Section 18.10.&nbsp;
           Canonical Mode</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch18lev1sec11.html">
             Section 18.11.&nbsp;
           Noncanonical Mode</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch18lev1sec12.html">
             Section 18.12.&nbsp;
           Terminal Window Size</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch18lev1sec13.html">
             Section 18.13.&nbsp;
           termcap, terminfo, and curses</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch18lev1sec14.html">
             Section 18.14.&nbsp;
           Summary</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch18lev1sec15.html">Exercises</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="255">
              &nbsp;
               &nbsp;<a class="v2" href="ch19.html">
             Chapter 19.&nbsp;
           Pseudo Terminals</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch19lev1sec1.html">
             Section 19.1.&nbsp;
           Introduction</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch19lev1sec2.html">
             Section 19.2.&nbsp;
           Overview</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch19lev1sec3.html">
             Section 19.3.&nbsp;
           Opening Pseudo-Terminal Devices</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch19lev1sec4.html">
             Section 19.4.&nbsp;
           pty_fork Function</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch19lev1sec5.html">
             Section 19.5.&nbsp;
           pty Program</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch19lev1sec6.html">
             Section 19.6.&nbsp;
           Using the pty Program</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch19lev1sec7.html">
             Section 19.7.&nbsp;
           Advanced Features</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch19lev1sec8.html">
             Section 19.8.&nbsp;
           Summary</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch19lev1sec9.html">Exercises</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="255">
              &nbsp;
               &nbsp;<a class="v2" href="ch20.html">
             Chapter 20.&nbsp;
           A Database Library</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch20lev1sec1.html">
             Section 20.1.&nbsp;
           Introduction</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch20lev1sec2.html">
             Section 20.2.&nbsp;
           History</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch20lev1sec3.html">
             Section 20.3.&nbsp;
           The Library</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch20lev1sec4.html">
             Section 20.4.&nbsp;
           Implementation Overview</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch20lev1sec5.html">
             Section 20.5.&nbsp;
           Centralized or Decentralized?</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch20lev1sec6.html">
             Section 20.6.&nbsp;
           Concurrency</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch20lev1sec7.html">
             Section 20.7.&nbsp;
           Building the Library</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch20lev1sec8.html">
             Section 20.8.&nbsp;
           Source Code</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch20lev1sec9.html">
             Section 20.9.&nbsp;
           Performance</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch20lev1sec10.html">
             Section 20.10.&nbsp;
           Summary</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch20lev1sec11.html">Exercises</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="255">
              &nbsp;
               &nbsp;<a class="v2" href="ch21.html">
             Chapter 21.&nbsp;
           Communicating with a Network Printer</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch21lev1sec1.html">
             Section 21.1.&nbsp;
           Introduction</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch21lev1sec2.html">
             Section 21.2.&nbsp;
           The Internet Printing Protocol</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch21lev1sec3.html">
             Section 21.3.&nbsp;
           The Hypertext Transfer Protocol</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch21lev1sec4.html">
             Section 21.4.&nbsp;
           Printer Spooling</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch21lev1sec5.html">
             Section 21.5.&nbsp;
           Source Code</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch21lev1sec6.html">
             Section 21.6.&nbsp;
           Summary</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="ch21lev1sec7.html">Exercises</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="255">
              &nbsp;
               &nbsp;<a class="v2" href="app01.html">
             Appendix A.&nbsp;
           Function Prototypes</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="255">
              &nbsp;
               &nbsp;<a class="v2" href="app02.html">
             Appendix B.&nbsp;
           Miscellaneous Source Code</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="app02lev1sec1.html">
             Section B.1.&nbsp;
           Our Header File</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="app02lev1sec2.html">B.2 Standard Error Routines</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="255">
              &nbsp;
               &nbsp;<a class="v2" href="app03.html">
             Appendix C.&nbsp;
           Solutions to Selected Exercises</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="app03lev1sec1.html">Chapter 1</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="app03lev1sec2.html">Chapter 2</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="app03lev1sec3.html">Chapter 3</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="app03lev1sec4.html">Chapter 4</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="app03lev1sec5.html">Chapter 5</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="app03lev1sec6.html">Chapter 6</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="app03lev1sec7.html">Chapter 7</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="app03lev1sec8.html">Chapter 8</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="app03lev1sec9.html">Chapter 9</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="app03lev1sec10.html">Chapter 10</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="app03lev1sec11.html">Chapter 11</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="app03lev1sec12.html">Chapter 12</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="app03lev1sec13.html">Chapter 13</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="app03lev1sec14.html">Chapter 14</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="app03lev1sec15.html">Chapter 15</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="app03lev1sec16.html">Chapter 16</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="app03lev1sec17.html">Chapter 17</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="app03lev1sec18.html">Chapter 18</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="app03lev1sec19.html">Chapter 19</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="app03lev1sec20.html">Chapter 20</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" class="v1" valign="top" colspan="1">
            &nbsp;
          </td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="254"><a class="v2" href="app03lev1sec21.html">Chapter 21</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="255"><a class="v2" href="bib01.html">Bibliography</a></td></tr><tr><td align="left" class="v2" width="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" height="18" class="v2" width="14"><img src="../../../../../../images/pixel.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" border="0" vspace="4"></td><td align="left" class="v2" valign="top" colspan="255"><a class="v2" href="index.html">Index</a></td></tr></table>
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